This is the expression of vital energy manifested in human beings since their infancy: an essential for life, a vital energy, which at first is neutral. It is expressed in struggle, in force, in creativity, in non-violence, altruism, etc. Aggressiveness must be “educated”. Without education, this energy will be expressed by negative behavior, destructive to others. Aggressiveness should be distinguished from violence.

UNESCO

Conciliation involves efforts by a third party to improve the relationship between two or more disputants. It may be done as a part of mediation, or independently. Generally, the third party will work with the disputants to correct misunderstandings, reduce fear and distrust, and generally improve communication between the parties in conflict. Sometimes this alone will result in dispute settlement; at other times, it paves the way for a later mediation process.

Conflict Research Consortium

This term refers to the long-term management of intractable conflicts and the people involved in them so that they do not escalate out of control and become violent.

Conflict Research Consortium

This term (along with dispute resolution) usually refers to the process of resolving a dispute or a conflict permanently, by providing each sides' needs, and adequately addressing their interests so that they are satisfied with the outcome.

Conflict Research Consortium

This term is being used more and more to refer to a change (usually an improvement) in the nature of a conflict--a de-escalation or a reconciliation between people or groups. Unlike conflict resolution, which denies the long-term nature of conflict, or conflict management, which assumes that people and relationships can be managed as though they were physical objects, the concept of conflict transformation reflects the notion that conflicts go on for long periods of time, changing the nature of the relationships between the people involved, and themselves changing as people's response to the situation develops over time.

Conflict Research Consortium

The concept of culture of peace was formulated at the International Congress on Peace in the Mind of Man, held in Africa (Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast, 1989). In the final declaration, the Congress recommended UNESCO to “(…) contribute to the construction of a new vision of peace by developing a culture of peace, on the basis of the universal values of respect for life, liberty, justice, solidarity, tolerance, human rights and equality between women and men”. The term “culture of peace” was inspired by the initiative Cultura de Paz which was launched in Peru in 1986 and by the Seville Declaration on violence, of the same year. (A/RES/52/13).

UNESCO

The decision making process is the process that is used to make a decision. It can be an expert process, where the decision is made by one or more "experts" who look at the "facts" and make the decision based on those facts; it can be a political process through which a political representative or body makes the decision based on political considerations, or it might be a judicial process where a judge or a jury makes a decision based on an examination of legal evidence and the law.

Conflict Research Consortium

Destructive conflict and confrontation has largely negative results--it pushes people apart, destroys relationships, and leads to a host of negative personal and social changes including an escalation of violence, fear, and distrust. It is contrasted with constructive conflict and confrontation which has more benefits than costs--one that pulls people together, strengthens and/or improves their relationship (by redefining it in a more appropriate or useful way) and one that leads to positive change in all of the parties involved.

Conflict Research Consortium

Dialogue is a process for sharing and learning about another group's beliefs, feelings, interests, and/or needs in a non-adversarial, open way, usually with the help of a third party facilitator. Unlike mediation, in which the goal is usually reaching a resolution or settlement of a dispute, the goal of dialogue is usually simply improving interpersonal understanding and trust.

Conflict Research Consortium

Generally, diplomacy refers to the interaction between two or more nation-states. Traditionally carried out by government officials, who negotiate treaties, trade policies, and other international agreements, the term has been extended to include unofficial exchanges of private citizens (such as cultural, scientific, and religious exchanges) as well as unofficial (sometimes called "citizen" or "track-two") diplomacy in which private citizens actually try to develop solutions to international diplomatic problems.

Conflict Research Consortium

Disarming strategies are actions that are designed to break down or challenge negative stereotypes. If one person or group is seen by another as extremely threatening and hostile, a gesture of friendship and goodwill is a disarming move, which will alter perceptions of the other and can significantly de-escalate the conflict.

Conflict Research Consortium

It is the process by which people take control and act in order to overcome obstacles. It is an important element of development. In particular, empowerment refers to the collective action by the oppressed and deprived to overcome the obstacles of structural inequality, which have previously put them in a disadvantaged position.

UNICEF

The term gender refers to the socially defined or constructed sex roles, attitudes and values which communities and societies ascribe as appropriate for one sex or the other. Gender therefore refers to how women and men are perceived and expected to think and act because of the way society is organized, not because of biological differences.

UNICEF

It is a close examination of a problem or situation in order to identify the gender issues.

UNICEF

The ability to identify problems arising from gender inequality and discrimination, even if these are not very evident on the surface, or are hidden.

UNICEF

The collection and separation of data and statistical information by gender to enable comparative analysis/gender analysis.

The Canadian - Ukraine Fund

Gender discrimination occurs when individuals are treated differently on the grounds of their gender.

UNICEF

The overall societal pattern, which allots one set of gender roles to women and another set to men.

UNICEF

It means that there is no discrimination on grounds of a person's sex in the allocation of resources or benefits, or in the access to services and the law.

UNICEF

Fairness and justice in the distribution of benefits and responsibilities between women and men.

UNICEF

The gap in any area between women and men in terms of their levels of participation, access to resources, rights, remuneration or benefits.

The Canadian - Ukraine Fund

Examining policy proposals policy to see whether they will affect women and men differently, with a view to adapting these proposals to make sure that discriminatory effects are neutralized and that gender equality is promoted.

The Canadian - Ukraine Fund

These arise where an instance of gender inequality is recognized as undesirable or unjust. The three aspects of gender issues are: gender gap, discrimination and women's oppression.

UNICEF

The systematic integration of the respective situations, priorities and needs of women and men in all policies and with a view to promoting equality between women and men and mobilizing all general policies and openly taking into account, at the planning stage, their effects on the respective situations of women and men in implementation, monitoring and evaluation (Commission communication, COM (96) 67 final, 21.2.1996).

The Canadian - Ukraine Fund

It is a method of thinking, or conceptualizing, a cognitive structure that enables polices and programs to be designed, assessed, monitored and evaluated in terms of their relative implications, in contribution and in impact for women and men.

UNICEF

It is recognizing gender issues in the identification of the problem and addressing it in development objectives.

UNICEF

The portrayal of females and males occupying social roles according to the traditional gender division of labor in a particular society.

UNICEF

A set of prescriptions for action and behavior allocated to women and men respectively, as social constructs and not biological.

UNICEF

The ability to recognize gender issues, and especially the ability to recognize women's different perceptions and interests arising from their different social location and different gender roles.

UNICEF

A concept that challenges the precepts of military security. Instead, democracy, human rights, sustainable development, social equity and the elimination of poverty are seen as essential elements of security.

Conflict Research Consortium

Intolerance is the unwillingness to accept the legitimacy of another person, group, or idea that differs from one's own. It may result in an effort to get rid of the "objectionable" person or idea, or it may simply result in treating them in a subservient way, as occurs when people of certain racial or ethnic groups are discriminated against by the dominant group in a society.

Conflict Research Consortium

Mediation is a method of conflict resolution that is carried out by an intermediary who works with the disputing parties to help them improve their communication and their analysis of the conflict situation, so that the parties can themselves identify and choose an option for resolving the conflict that meets the interests or needs of all of the disputants. Unlike arbitration, where the intermediary listens to the arguments of both sides and makes a decision for the disputants, a mediator will help the disputants design a solution themselves.

Conflict Research Consortium

Negotiation is bargaining--it is the process of discussion and give-and-take between two or more disputants who seek to find a solution to a common problem. Negotiation occurs between people all the time--between parents and children, between husbands and wives, between workers and employers, between nations. It can be relatively cooperative, as it is when both sides seek a solution that is mutually beneficial (commonly called win-win or cooperative bargaining), or it can be confrontational (commonly called win-lose or adversarial) bargaining, when each side seeks to prevail over the other.

Conflict Research Consortium

Non-violent communication (NVC) is primarily an attitude in which one tries to work on the specific violence in each human being. From this awareness, one develops a more intelligent way of reacting in conflicts, and slowly, one acquires the method of non-violence. Based on empathy –the ability to listen profoundly to someone, to reflect on his observations, needs and demands – non-violent communication which renders us conscious of what the other person lives and senses each instant. NVC invites us to assume responsibility for our actions. Through the clarity with which we express our needs, we can avoid projecting our feelings onto others, and in time we become accustomed to a real autonomy.

UNESCO

Nonviolent direct action is action, usually undertaken by a group of people, to persuade someone else to change their behavior. Examples include strikes, boycotts, marches, and demonstrations--social, economic, or political acts that are intended to persuade an opponent to change its policies. While not violent initially, nonviolent direct action can provoke a violent response. Thus, forcing someone to do something at gunpoint would not be nonviolent direct action, but if demonstrators are forced to retreat by police using or threatening to use weapons, the initial action is still considered to be nonviolent.

Conflict Research Consortium

Peace building is the process of restoring normal relations between people. It requires the reconciliation of differences, apology and forgiveness of past harm, and the establishment of a cooperative relationship between groups, replacing the adversarial or competitive relationship that used to exist.

Conflict Research Consortium

It is the prevention or ending of violence within or between nation-states through the intervention of an outside third party that keeps the warring parties apart. The goal of peacekeeping is simply preventing further violence.

Conflict Research Consortium

It refers to negotiating the resolution of a conflict between people, groups, or nations. It deals with the issues in dispute, but falls short of peace building, which aims toward reconciliation and normalization of relations between ordinary people, not just the formal resolution which is written on paper.

Conflict Research Consortium

Action to prevent disputes from arising, to prevent existing disputes from escalating into conflicts and to limit the spread of conflicts when they do occur.

Conflict Research Consortium

It refers to analytical problem solving workshops that seek to analyze and resolve conflicts based on identifying and providing the underlying human needs. In other situations, it refers to an approach to mediation that focuses primarily on resolving the conflict (as opposed to transforming the relationships of the people involved).

Conflict Research Consortium

It involves working cooperatively with the other disputants to solve a common problem. It can be contrasted with the adversarial approach which views the other disputants as opponents or enemies to be defeated, not cooperated with.

Conflict Research Consortium

It refers to conflicts that are highly difficult, but not impossible, to resolve. The term "intractable conflict" means the same thing, but often we use "resolution-resistant" instead because some people interpret "intractable" to mean "impossible."

Conflict Research Consortium

It is the situation in which two countries do not even consider war to be an acceptable or possible option for dispute resolution between them. It is contrasted with unstable peace (in which countries are at peace but think that war is possible at a future time).

Conflict Research Consortium

This is the approach to conflict taken by people who view the opponent as an adversary to be defeated. It assumes that in order to win, the opponent must lose. This is opposite to the win-win approach to conflict that assumes that if the disputants cooperate, a solution which provides a victory for all sides can be found.

Conflict Research Consortium

This is the approach to conflict taken by people who want to find a solution that satisfies all the disputants. In "win-win" bargaining, the disputing parties try to cooperate to solve a joint problem in a way that allows both parties to "win." This is contrasted with the "win-lose" (adversarial) approach to conflicts that assumes that all opponents are enemies and that in order to win a dispute, the opponent must lose.

Conflict Research Consortium

Game theory makes a distinction between positive-sum situations (often called "games") which everyone can win (also referred to as "win-win"), negative sum games (also referred to as "lose-lose"), and zero-sum games in which one side wins only if another side loses.

Conflict Research Consortium